Umthombo wokudla ovuthiwe futhi onomsoco ohlala kalula uhlala emoyeni phezu kwethu, umhlabathi phansi kwethu futhi yonke imithi nesihlahla kubonakala: izinambuzane. Yiqiniso, ukudla izinambuzane kungase kubonakale kuhle kakhulu futhi kuyingozi. Kodwa-ke, ukuvuthwa , noma umkhuba wokufaka izinambuzane ngabantu, unomlando omude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-0.2 ezinambuzane kuyingozi kumuntu, izilwane noma izitshalo.
Umlando omfushane we-Entomophagy
Insectivory-elinye igama le-entomophagy-liyabonakala emkhokheni wezinsalela. Ngokuhlaziya amaphethini okugqoka ama-microwear, ososayensi bathola ukuthi uhlobo lomuntu oludala, owake waphila eminyakeni engaphezu kwesigidi edlule kulokho okuyiNingizimu Afrika manje, wasebenzisa amathuluzi amathambo ukuze athole ama-termites avela emulondeni.
Kunezingqinamba ezihlukahlukene ezichazwe ukuthi kuchaza ukubaluleka kokungenwa kwezinambuzane ku-prehistory kufaka okulandelayo:
- I-entomophagy yayingengozini encane kunokuzingela noma ukukhipha
- Yenza iminikelo emikhulu yezidingo zokudla okunomsoco
- Kwakuyizinkathi zonyaka futhi kwasiza ukwengezela izakhi eziyinhloko ezingatholakali ezitsheni zokudla
- Kwakudinga ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo njengesiqukathi noma ithuluzi okuzocubungula nokukhipha
- Yanikeza imithombo yokudla eyayingathathwa futhi ishintshwe
- Lakhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi phakathi kwabantu abesilisa nabesifazane, nabesifazane abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqoqa izinambuzane.
Ngokuqondene nomuntu wanamuhla, ukuthambekela komzimba kuye kwabhalwa phakathi kwamaqembu angu-300 emazweni angu-113 emhlabeni jikelele.
Umkhuba wokuzivikela uvame kakhulu ezindaweni zamasiko zase-Asia nase-Afrika kanye neCentral neSouth America. Kwamanye emiphakathi, amaphesenti angama-10 emfuno zomsoco womuntu ingatholakala emithonjeni yezinambuzane.
Ngo-1885, izinambuzane zazisakazwa kakhulu ezethameli zaseNtshonalanga ngokushicilelwa kwencwadi ethi " Kungani Ungadli Izinambuzane?"
ngu-English entomologist uVincent M. Holt. Muva nje, phakathi kuka-1988 no-2000, uGene DeFoliart, isazi se-entomologist esele manje, futhi uprofesa e-University of Wisconsin-Madison, ushicilele isikhathi esitholwe kahle esibizwa ngeThe Food Insects Newsletter .
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Food and Agricultural Organization yeZizwe Ezihlangene ibilokhu ibambe izingqungquthela ekusekeleni ukuxhaswa kwempilo njengempendulo yendlala yezwe futhi yanyathelisa incwadi ethi Izinambuzane Ezidliwayo: Amathemba Ekusasa Wokudla Nokudla Kokudla , okuhunyushwe ngezilimi eziningana futhi kulandwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyisikhombisa.
Ngokusho abalobi bale ncwadi:
"Izinambuzane ezidliwayo zihlale ziyingxenye yokudla kwabantu , kodwa kwezinye izinkampani kunezinga elidakisayo lokusetshenziswa kwazo. Nakuba iningi lezinambuzane ezidliwayo liqoqwa ezindaweni ezihlala emahlathini, izinhlelo ezintsha ekusetshenzisweni kwezibalo ziqalile emazweni amaningi. Izinambuzane zinikeza ithuba elihle lokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwendabuko nesayensi yanamuhla emazweni asathuthukile nalawo athuthukayo. "
Nakuba izinambuzane noma imikhiqizo esekelwe ezinambuzaneni engakenzi imenyu kuningi lezikhungo zokudlela eNtshonalanga, kuye kwanda isithakazelo ekukhungeni izinambuzane.
Isibonelo, e-United States, imikhiqizo esekelwe ekhilikithi, efana nofulawa olususelwa ekhilikithi, amakhukhi namaprotheni amabha, asekuthuthukisweni. EYurophu, ukutholakala kwezinambuzane kanye nokudla okutholakala nezinambuzane kubanzi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkumbi, ama-worms, nama-cricket ziyatholakala ezimakethe ezithile. ENetherlands, izitolo ezingaphezu kuka-500 zithengisa ama-burgers kanye nama-nuggets aqukethe ufulawa wempuphu.
Iziphi Izinambuzane Ezidliwayo?
Ingxenyana encane kakhulu yezilwane ezilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-30 ezidalwa izinambuzane ziyadliwa. Ngokuqondile, cishe ngo-2000 kulezi zinambuzane ziyadliwa. Eziningi zalezi zinambuzane ziwela emiyalweni emihlanu:
- Coleoptera (okungukuthi, izibungu)
- I-Hymenoptera (okungukuthi, ama-wasps, izinyosi, nezintuthwane)
- I-Isoptera (okungukuthi, i-termites)
- Lepidoptera (okungukuthi, amabhu namabhotela)
- I-Orthoptera (ie, izinkumbi namakhredethi)
Ngokusho kweZizwe Ezihlangene, lapha kukhona ukulinganiswa kokufakwa kwezinambuzane ngohlobo lwezinambuzane:
- Amaphesenti angu-31 ezinambuzane ezidliwa abantu yizibungu
- Amaphesenti angu-18 yizibungu
- Amaphesenti angu-14 ayizinambuzane, izinyosi, nezintuthwane
- Amaphesenti angu-13 anama-cricket, izinkumbi, nezinkumbi
- Amaphesenti angu-10 yi-cicadas ne-pentatomid (stink) bugs.
- Amaphesenti amathathu ama-termites
- Amaphesenti angu-3 ayi-dragonflies
- Amaphesenti amabili yizimpukane
- Amaphesenti angu-5 anenye indlela
Izakhi Zokudla Zinempilo Kangakanani?
Ngokuyinhloko, izinambuzane zinomsoco omuhle kakhulu. Inani lokudla okunempilo kwanoma yiliphi igciwane linye lixhomeke ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izinhlobonhlobo, ubulili, imvelo (izimo ezivuthayo nezimo ezishisayo), isigaba sokuthuthukiswa kanye nendlela esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni.
Nazi ezinye amaphuzu ajwayelekile mayelana nokudla okunomsoco wezinambuzane:
- Amaphrotheni yiyona ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke ezakhiwa yizinambuzane
- Ngokwesisindo esomile, isibalo samaprotheni wezinambuzane eziphakathi kwamaphesenti angu-7 namaphesenti angu-91. Izinhlobo eziningi zizungeze amaprotheni angama-60
- Akuwona wonke amaprotheni ezinambuzane ezigayiwe. Amanye amaprotheni abanjwe ku-chitin, okuyingxenye ye-indigestible ye-insect's exoskeleton
- Ukuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ezinhlobo zezinambuzane eziningi kufana nenyama
- Okuqukethwe kwamafutha kwamaprotheni kunama-13 amaphesenti ezinkumbi, emakhakheni, nasezintabeni kuya emaphesenti angu-33 ama-beetles kanye nama-grubs
- I-Larva inokuqukethwe okunamafutha aphezulu
- Izinambuzane eziningi ziqukethe amafutha amaningi angasetshenzisiwe njengenkukhu nezinhlanzi; Nokho, izinambuzane ziphakeme ngamafutha we-polyunsaturated kunezinkukhu noma inhlanzi
- Ngoba izinambuzane azinawo amagobolondo aqhathanisiwe afana nokudla kwezilwandle, aqukethe i- calcium encane. Ezinye izinambuzane ezinjenge-palm weevils, ama-cricket namacimbi zigcwele insimbi ne-zinc
Izinambuzane Zidla Njani?
Indlela ecacile kunazo zonke ukuthi izinambuzane ziyadliwa zisesimo sabo sonke. Nokho, izimbungulu zingangena emzimbeni wethu ngezinye izindlela, futhi. Ngokwesibonelo, eMexico, ama-tortilla ayenziwa nge-yellow mealworm powder, equkethe amaprotheni angamaphesenti angu-58 futhi ecebile ama-amino acids efana ne-tyrosine, tryptophan, ne-phenylalanine. Ngombhalo ohlobene, izinambuzane zingase zibe ngaphansi kokudla kwemfuyo futhi ngaleyo ndlela zingeniswa ekudleni kwethu ngokubanzi.
Ingabe Izinambuzane Zivikelekile Ukudla?
Abantu bebelokhu bedla izinambuzane zezingonyama ngaphandle kokugula, ngakho-ke isimo sabo esingathandeki nesokwemvelo, izinambuzane ezidliwayo cishe ziphephile. Kodwa-ke, kunokukhathazeka okuthile ngokuphepha kwezinambuzane ezidinga ukucwaninga okwengeziwe.
Okokuqala, ngesikhathi semithi ebulala izifo eziphilayo, ama-antibiotic nezinsimbi ezinzima, izidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali zingangena ezinambuzaneni.
Okwesibili, izinambuzane ezithile zingathatha amabhaktheriya enza abantu bagule. Isibonelo, uma kuvuna kusuka emhlabathini, izinambuzane zingathatha u- E. coli noma ama-bacteria akha ama-spore abangela izifo ezifana ne-tetanus, botulism, ne-anthrax. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi leli phuzu lesibili cishe licatshangelwe ngokwanele kunoma ubani onentshisekelo ekuvuneni izinambuzane ezivela emvelweni ozungezile, kodwa unolwazi olulinganiselwe noma ulwazi, ukugwema kulo mkhuba futhi kunalokho uthenge imikhiqizo yezinambuzane kusuka kubaphakeli abahloniphekile, abaphephile nabanokuphepha. (Uma unesithakazelo ekuhloliseni, ama-Amazon athengisa izibungu ezinamakha, amakhilikithi, nezintethe.)
Okwesithathu, kusazocwaningwa ukuthi ukucubungula kwezinambuzane kubangelwa ukwakheka kwezinto ezinobuthi noma ngabe izinambuzane ziyabonakala ngemva kokuvuna.
Okwesine, nakuba kubhekwa, kuhlale kubonakala ukuthi ngabe abantu abanesifo sofuba emadlelweni othuli kanye nama-crustaceans bangabonisa ukuthi izilwane nezinambuzane ziyaqhubeka yini. Ngamanye amazwi, uma uthola izifo ezincane noma izikhumba, ungase ufune ukugwema ukudla izimbungulu.
Kungani Kufanele Abantu Badle Izinambuzane?
Kunezimpikiswano eziningana eziphoqelela eziqinisa imbangela yokungena phakathi kwabantu.
Umthombo wokudla otholakala kalula . Ukufunwa kwamaprotheni okuvela emithonjeni yezilwane kulindeleke ukuba kuphakame ngamaphesenti angu-76 ngonyaka ka-2050. Lokhu kwanda kudingekile kuyobe kungabonakali kakhulu phakathi kwezizwe zezwe ezikhulayo; abantu abangazuza ngokusetshenziswa kwezinambuzane. Phela, kulula kakhulu ukuvuna amakhilikithi kunokuba ukhiphe izinkomo.
Ukufudumala kwezwe . Njengamanje, imfuyo ibhekene namaphesenti angu-14 okushisa kwegesi lokushisa, okufaka isandla ekufudumeni kwembulunga yonke. Izinambuzane zokuvuna noma zokulima zibeka isidingo esincane kakhulu emvelweni.
Ku-athikili ka-2016 okuthiwa izinambuzane ezidliwayo yikusasa? , U-Arnold van Huis uyabhala:
"Izinambuzane zindlela ezithakazelisayo [ekudleni] ezicabangela ukwehla okuncane kwamagesi okushisa, indawo encane yomhlaba edingekayo ukukhiqiza amaprotheni angu-1 kg, amandla abo okuguqulwa kokudla, nokukwazi kwabo ukuguqula ukuhamba kwemikhiqizo emihle emikhiqizweni yamaprotheni ephezulu."
Amathuba emisebenzi. Ezizweni ezisathuthuka, ukuvunwa kwezinambuzane kungathuthukisa indlela yokuziphilisa yalabo abathintekayo kwezohwebo-ikakhulukazi abesifazane basemaphandleni. Ukubeka umoya wezomnotho okwandisa ukuvuna izinambuzane kungase kube nomthelela emiphakathini ehlwempu ngendlela enengqondo, cabanga ukuthi isibungu se-mopane esitholakala eNingizimu ye-Afrika, singenisa cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-85 ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izingxenye zaseCameroon naseCongo Basin, ukuhweba kwezinambuzane kungabika amaphesenti angu-20 kuwo wonke umsebenzi wezomnotho.
Ingabe AmaMelika Ayengadla Izinambuzane?
Abantu abaningi bangabantu abathandekayo bezinambuzane futhi banamathuba okubahlanganisa nabo ngotshwala endaweni yokulahla komgwaqo noma ukubola komgwaqo kunokuba kube nokudla okumnandi. Kusukela esimweni sengqondo, sithola lokhu kuphazamiseka phakathi kweminyaka emibili kuya kwemihlanu, futhi kunokuningi okuhlobene nombono wokudla izinambuzane kunezici ezizwakalayo zalolu hlobo lokudla.
Naphezu kokuphazamiseka ukuthi abantu abaningi banamathele embonweni wezinambuzane njengokudla, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi inani elimangalisayo labantu baseMelika lingacabanga ukudla uhlobo lomuthi wezinambuzane. Ngokuqondile, phakathi kwabaseMelika abangadli njalo izinambuzane, amaphesenti angama-72 athi angacabangela izinambuzane ezizama noma imikhiqizo yezinambuzane.
Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amadoda angaphezu kwamantombazane ukuveza isithakazelo ekudleni izinambuzane njengengxenye yenyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi kanye nokujwayele izinambuzane njengomthombo wokudla nakho kuthonya ukuzimisela komuntu ukuzama izinambuzane.
Izinkolelo Zokuhlukanisa
Kuyakhuthaza ukuthi ukuzithokozisa kutholakala ukuthandwa ezweni laseNtshonalanga. Izinambuzane zinomsoco kakhulu futhi zivuna izinambuzane zilula kalula kakhulu kunokuphakamisa izinkomo neminye imfuyo.
I-intomophagy cishe yayizozuza kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka lapho abantu abangenakubalwa abangenakho ukudla okwanele. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokuhlala emadolobheni, ukuxhaphaza ngokumelene nezinambuzane kuyenzeka emazweni asathuthuka. Abantu abaningi abahlala emadolobheni abahlala la mazwe baye babheka ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwezinambuzane njengezinhlobonhlobo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinambuzane zinyanyiswa njengokudla okudliwa ngabantu abalambile futhi abanakho ukudla okunye okumele badle. Lezi zifiso zingase zivimbe ukuzimisela kwabantu abaningi abahlala emazweni asathuthuka ukuze bahlanganyele kakhulu.
> Imithombo:
> McGrew WC. I-'New Faunivory 'Ebuyekezwa: Insectivory Human and Non-Human Primates kanye ne-Evolution of Diet Human. I-Journal of Evolution Yabantu . 71: 4-11.
> van Huis A. Izinambuzane ezidliwayo yikusasa. Izinqubo zeNutrition Society. 2016; 75: 294-305.
> Van Huis A et al. Izinambuzane ezidliwayo: Amathemba Ekusasa Wokudla Nokudla Kokudla . I-Rome: i-FAO; 2013.
> Yen AL. Ukulondolozwa kwe-Inomcthagy and Insect: Ezinye Izinkolelo Zokugaya. I-Journal of Insect Conservation. 2009; 13: 667-670.