Uma kuziwa ekutholeni ukuncintisana kwezemidlalo, abagijimi bazama cishe noma yini ngokusebenzisa amasu okuqeqeshwa kanye nokuvuselela kwakamuva, ukuguqula ukudla kanye nokuzilungiselela, ukuqeqesha ekuphakameni nasekusebenziseni amasu ezemidlalo yezesayensi ngokulindela ukuthola indlela efanele yokusebenza. Ngeshwa, abagijimi abaningi bazama ukuthatha lokhu ezingeni eliphezulu, futhi kwezinye izimo ziyingozi.
Amanye amasu okuthuthukisa ukusebenza aphikisana, futhi izinhlangano eziningi zezemidlalo zivinjelwe imikhuba ethile phakathi kwabadlali bezokuncintisana nabaqeqeshi.
Enye indlela enjalo yokuthola umkhawulo wokusebenza uguqula ikhono lomzimba lokusebenzisa, ukukhiqiza nokuphatha oksijeni emisipha yokusebenza. Lo mkhuba uvame ukuhlobaniswa nabagijimi bokukhuthazela, futhi abagibeli bamabhayisikili bebelokhu bebaningi ekukhanyeni kwindlela ebizwa ngokuthi 'ukuguqula igazi.'
Kuyini Ukuguqulwa Kwegazi?
Ukwehla kwamanzi ngegazi kuyindlela yokwandisa ukusebenza kwezemidlalo ngokukhulisa ngokuphindaphindiwe inani lomdlali wegazi elibomvu (RBC). Ngoba amangqamuzana egazi abomvu enza i-oxygen emisipha, ukuba ne-RBC count ephakeme kungathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo umthamo we-aerobic yomdlali futhi ukubambezeleka ukukhathala. Abagijimi abafuna indlela yokuthuthukisa i-RBC yabo yaqala ukuba yimpontshelwa igazi, lapho umgijimi egcinwe khona futhi efaka kabusha ama-RBC noma ama-RBC omuntu onohlobo olufanayo lwegazi.
Lo mkhuba uvinjelwe emidlalweni yobuchwepheshe.
Kuyini i-Erythropoietin (EPO)?
Enye yezindlela zokukhulisa izibalo ze-RBC zihlanganisa umuthi owawuhloswe ngokumangalela nokucabangela phakathi kwezwe lokuhamba ngebhayisikili iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi.
I-Erythropoietin (EPO) iyi-hormone eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, eyenziwa yizinso, evuselela ukwenziwa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu.
Le hormone ingabuye yenziwe futhi ijojiswe esikhumbeni noma ngqo emgodleni wegazi (ngaphakathi). I-EPO ingahle isetshenziswe ekwenzeni ukwelashwa ukuletha i-RBC yesiguli emazingeni ajwayelekile.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-EPO yokufakelwa njengendlela yokwandisa ukusebenza kwezemidlalo kuqala kwabonisa eminyakeni engu-1980 futhi kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezidakamizwa zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingozini yokuhamba ngebhayisikili. Naphezu kokusungulwa kokuhlolwa kwe-EPO ngo-2000, abanye bathi i-EPO doping isasakazeka emidlalo yezemidlalo.
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-EPO ngebhayisikili kwenza izindaba lapho uFloyd Landis, umqhubi we-Tour de France owawunqotshwa u-2006 ngemuva kokuvivinya ukuthi unomdlavuza, wavuma iminyaka eminingi esebenzisa izidakamizwa ezithuthukisa ukusebenza. Ukuvuma kwakhe kwaphinde kwasolwa nabanye abagibeli abangu-17 kuhlanganise noLance Armstrong we- doping .
NgoMeyi ka-2011, imizuzu engama-60 yatholwa ngxoxiswano ne-former US Postal Team Rider, uTyler Hamilton lapho uHamilton athi ujobe khona i-EPO kanye noLance nabanye abalingani, "izikhathi eziningi."
Ingabe i-Erythropoietin (EPO) eyingozi?
Yebo, i-EPO inezingozi zayo. I-EPO injection isela igazi, okwandisa ukucindezeleka enhliziyweni. Lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu uma izinga lenhliziyo linciphisa, njengalapho ubuthongo. Ukwanda okwenyuka, noma i-viscosity, yegazi kwandisa ingozi yegazi, ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, nokushaya.
Ngokusho kwencwadi ethi Ukufa kukaMarco Pantani ngoMatthew Rendell, kuthiwa abanye abahamba ngebhayisikili babeka i-alamu ubusuku bonke ukuba bavuke futhi bajikeleze umqeqeshi imizuzu eyishumi ukuze bagxumeke ukujikeleza kwabo futhi banciphise izingozi zezempilo zokusebenzisa i-EPO.
I-EPO iluhlu lwezinto ezivinjelwe ku-cycling professional, futhi abagibeli bavame ukuvivinywa ukuze bathole khona. Nokho, njengoba izindlela zokuthola izidakamizwa zithuthuka, kanjalo nezindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukugwema ukutholakala. Lezi zindlela eziningi eziningi ezivinjiwe zokukhuthaza ukusebenza kwezemidlalo zihlale zihlolwe yizinhlangano zezemidlalo.
Izwe lokugibela ibhayisikili liye labonakala eminyakeni eminingi futhi nethemba lokuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo sabashayeli bamabhayisikili sizobuyela emigwaqeni engcono kakhulu yokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza okubandakanya ukudla, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye namasu namakhono omqondo wezemidlalo .
Imithombo:
I-World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Imibuzo nezimpendulo ku-EPO Ukuthola.
I-World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Amazinga we-Internatioal WADA.