Izidakamizwa ezithuthukisa ukusebenza zihlanganisa izinto ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nemithi, izinqubo, ngisho namadivayisi ahloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezemidlalo. Ezinye zalezi zinto zenzeka ngokwemvelo, zitholakale kalula futhi zenziwe ngokomthetho ngenkathi ezinye zenziwa, zingekho emthethweni , noma zivinjelwe izinhlangano eziningi zezemidlalo. Abagijimi abaningi, abaqeqeshi, abezombusazwe, nabalandeli bazizwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezithile akuyona into ehlelekile emidlalweni.
Ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezilawulwayo, noma kunjalo, kuyindawo yokuphikisana njalo. Izinto eziningi ezithuthukisa izinto ezihlukaniswa njengezithako zithengiswa kabanzi njenge "usizo lwezezempilo" kodwa zinezimpikiswano ezinomkhawulo ngokuphepha noma ukusebenza kwazo. Ukuhlukaniswa njengendlela yokwengeza kusho ukuthi okuqukethwe komkhiqizo kanye nezimangalo zelebula azihloliswanga yi-US Food and Drug Administration futhi kungenzeka ukuthi azikho isisekelo sesayensi.
Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza ngcono izidakamizwa nezinto (usizo lwe-ergogenic) kungenziwa ngezigaba ezilandelayo.
Izithako zezemidlalo, amaVithamini, namaminerali
Abagijimi bavame ukufuna ukudla okunomsoco okuhlukile ekusebenzeni kwabo, futhi izithako zezemidlalo yindlela eyodwa. Okulandelayo kungatholakala ezitolo zendawo zokudla ezendawo. Iningi alivinjelwe kodwa hlola ngeqembu lakho elibusayo lezemidlalo ukuze uqiniseke.
- Amaphrotheni iyisidakamizwa esidingekayo wonke umuntu okudingeka asebenze kahle. Bobabili abagijimi kanye nabantu abahlala emadolobheni bafuna ukuthola amaprotheni anele.
- I-Glucosamine isetshenziselwe ukwelapha i-osteoarthritis futhi kusiza kushukumisa i-cartilage, nakuba imiphumela yalokhu ayinjalo.
- Ribose ushukela. Kunobunye ubufakazi obucacile obukhombisa ukuthi inzuzo yezemidlalo evela kuma-ribose supplements.
- I-Creatine iqalile njengesengezo sezemidlalo kodwa itholakale isebenza kubantu asebekhulile ukusiza ukugcina ubunzima be-muscle. Kwabalandeli abathile, ukwesekwa kwe-creatine kuthuthukisa ukuqhutshwa okuphindaphindiwe kokuzivocavoca okukhulu, njengokuthi i-sprinting, ukuphakamisa isisindo noma imidlalo yamandla.
- I-Glutamine (i-L- Glutamine) i-amino acid futhi ihlukaniswa njengesithako somsoco. Abaningi abagijimi bayithatha ukuze babasize baphinde bavuselele ekuzivocavocavoca.
- I-B-Vithamini iyadingeka ukuze umzimba usebenze kahle, kodwa kungase kube khona ukuxhumana phakathi kwamavithamini B (thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, B-12, kanye ne-folate) nokusebenza kuma-athlete aphezulu.
Ukuvinjelwa noma Ukulawulwa Kwemisebenzi Ukuthuthukisa Izidakamizwa
- I-Amphetamines yinkimbinkimbi yezinzwa ezivuselela izidakamizwa ezandisa ukuqwashisa nokuzethemba, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlushwa, ukunciphisa ukudla, nokudala umuzwa wenyuka. Ama-amphetamine afana noBenedrine, Adderall, neDexrine ayenamandla okuba nomlutha futhi asehlwini lokuvinjelwa kwezidakamizwa eziningi, uma kungezona zonke, izinhlangano zezemidlalo.
- I-Anabolic Steroids (i-anabolic-androgenic steroids), inguqulo lwe-hormone ye-testosterone yesilisa. Ukusetshenziswa okungezona kwezokwelapha kwe-anabolic steroids akuvumelekile futhi kuvinjelwe izinhlangano ezinkulu zezemidlalo. Noma kunjalo, abanye abagijimi bayaqhubeka nokuwasebenzisa ngokungemthetho ngomzamo wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezemidlalo, naphezu kobufakazi bokuthi ukuwasebenzisa kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo, njenge-hypertension kanye nokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo. I-DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) eyenziwe ekwakhiweni kanye ne-designer steroids , I-Androstenedione (Andro) ne-Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) yizona zonke izandulela ama-hormone, njenge-testosterone, futhi isebenza ngokufanayo ne-anabolic-androgenic steroids. Lezi zonke izinto ezivinjelwe cishe cishe zonke izinhlangano zezemidlalo.
- I-caffeine yinto eyenzeka ngokwemvelo eye yasetshenziswa abagijimi bokukhuthazela iminyaka njengendlela yokuhlala ephapheme futhi ithuthukise ukukhuthazela. Ngenkathi ngokuvamile engeyona eyingozi, inemiphumela emibi futhi ivinjelwe (ngokulinganisa okuphezulu) yizinhlangano eziningi zezemidlalo.
- I-Ephedrine ingumuthi otholakala emithini eminingi yokushisa nomkhuhlane. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukuphatha ukucindezeleka kwegazi okungase kwenzeke ngenxa yeminye imithi futhi kungathuthukisa ukuphefumula. Njengamanje, akukho emthethweni ukuzuza inqwaba yayo e-US. Kwake kwaba isithako esetshenziswa ekudleni izidakamizwa kuze kutholakale ukuthi kubangelwa ikhanda, isizungu, izinhliziyo, ukungaboni kahle, nokufa okungenzeka.
- I-Erythropoietin (EPO) iyi-hormone eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, eyenziwa yizinso, evuselela ukwenziwa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Le hormone nayo ingenziwa futhi ijowe. Iningi lwakamuva i-EPO liye laxhunyaniswa nezwe lokuhamba ngebhayisikili. Nakuba i-EPO ikuloluhlu lwezinto ezivinjelwe, abanye bathi abashayeli bamabhayisikili bayaqhubeka nokuwasebenzisa ukuze bathuthukise ukusebenza.
- I-HemAssist iyisigaba semithi ebizwa nge-Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier (HBOC). Ama-HBOC yizidakamizwa zokuhlola ezithwala i-oksijini egazini isikhathi esifushane. Zenzelwe ukwenza njengama-substitute of blood for patient patients. I-HemAssist yayisezinyathelo zokugcina zokuhlolwa kemitholampilo ngo-1998 lapho ucwaningo lwama ngenxa yokukhathazeka kokuphepha.
Imithombo:
I-World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Uhlu Oluvinjelwe U-WADA 2010.
Amathrendi ekusetshenzisweni kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, i-National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Inombolo Yomphakathi ka-NIH 05-4881 Ephrintiwe ngoJulayi 2001, ebuyekeziwe ngo-Agasti 2005
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-anabolic steroid kuhlotshaniswa nenengozi ye-systolic yengozi yokucindezeleka, i-Endocrine Society, i-EurekaAlert, ngo-Ephreli 2, 2016.