Indlela yokuphila ehambisana nokukhula okwandayo kokutheleleka
Ukulima kwezinkukhu zasemuva e-United States kuye kwanda kakhulu ekuthandeni ngokuhamba ngendlela yokuphila ephilayo, ephilayo. Kwabathandekayo abaningi, ukulima kwekhukhu kungaphezu nje kokuzilibazisa; kungumcabango wokuzibophezela komphakathi, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuthi izilwane ziphathwa ngendlela enobuntu, ngendlela efanele .
Ngenkathi eziningi zalezi zifama zihambisana ngokugcwele nemithetho yendawo yezempilo kanye nokuphepha, ezinye zihamba kahle ngaphansi kwe-radar yomthetho. Ngokuvamile, ukulangazelela ukwamukela "ukulima" kwemvelo kubangele abanye banganaki izivikelo zendabuko ezihloselwe ukuzivikela kanye nemfuyo yabo ekuguleni.
Isiqhumane Salmonella Esixhunyaniswe Namapulazi Emuva
Ukuthandwa okwandayo kokulima kwenkukhu yasendlini kuye kwaxhunyaniswa ngqo nokugqashuka kwamuva kweSalmonella emazweni angu-48. Ngokwengcebiso ekhishwe yi-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), amacala angu-790 e-salmonellosis aye aqinisekiswa kubantu abaye bahlangana nemfuyo yasemuva phakathi kukaJanuwari noJuni 2017. Kulawa ma-174 amacala ayebhekwa njengobunzima futhi udinga ukuhlala esibhedlela.
Lezi zinamba ziphakamisa ukwanda okukhulu kwenani lamacala ahloselwe ukulima kwenkukhu yasemuva. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukuqubuka kuka-53 kwaqinisekiswa kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-2014, okwaholela emacala angu-2,360, ama-387 esibhedlela, nokufa kwezinhlanu.
Isibalo seminyaka emithathu kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2017 silingana nalawo manani.
Ngenkathi izinombolo zihlala ziphansi, yile namba yokwanda eqhubeka nokukhathazeka izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi.
I-Salmonella kanye nezibonakaliso zokudla ezinobuthi
I-Salmonellosis yigama lesi sifo esibangelwa amagciwane e-Salmonella.
Ibhaktheriya ngokwayo ihlala emaphethelweni emathunjini abantu nezilwane futhi idluliselwa ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa ukudla okuye kwagcotshwa ngendwangu.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-Salmonella-Salmonella bongori ne-Salmonella enterica-kanye nama-subtypes amaningi ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nokudla kwesifo somuthi. Izimpawu ze-salmonellosis zifana nezesifo somkhuhlane futhi zingabandakanya:
- Uhudo
- Fever
- Izimpande zesisu
- Ukuvota
Izimpawu zivame ukuvela amahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-72 emva kokuchayeka futhi zingadlulela noma kuphi kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-4 kuya kwezingu-7. Amacala amaningi azixazulula ngokwabo ngaphandle kokwelashwa.
Kodwa-ke, ezinganeni ezincane, asebekhulile, kanye nabantu abanamasosha omzimba ahlaselekile, i-salmonellosis ingaholela ekuguleni okunzima nakakhulu okubulala. Kulabo bantu ngabanye, ukutheleleka ngezinye izikhathi kungasakazeka egazini elidala ukutheleleka okukhulu, konke okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Salmonella septicemia. Ukwelashwa ngokuvamile kudinga ukunakekelwa esibhedlela kanye nenqubo enobudlova yama-antibiotic emithi.
E-United States, i-salmonellosis ishaya abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.2 futhi ibangela abantu abangaba ngu-400 ngonyaka. Lesi sifo sinesibopho sokwelashwa okwengeziwe kunanoma yiliphi elinye igciwane lokudla , kuhlanganise no-E. coli, futhi kuthinta uhlelo lukazwelonke lwezokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngama $ 365 wezigidi ngonyaka.
I-Salmonellosis Ixhunywe Nezimo Ezimbi Zokulima
I-Salmonella enterica yilona uhlobo lwebhaktheriya oluvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinkukhu zokungcola. Ngenkathi ukusingatha nokudla izinkukhu kungabangela ukugula, amaqanda ezinkukhu ahlala engumthombo omkhulu wokutheleleka. Ngokusho koMnyango wezoLimo wase-US (USDA), isifo se-enterica esinezinkukhu ezihamba ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-10, ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabili izinga elibonwe kuma-broilers.
Phakathi kwabalimi basezindaweni zasemuva, ukuphathwa okungalungile nokuphathwa kwemfuyo kubonakala sengathi kuyimbangela enkulu yokuqubuka kweSalmonella. Lokhu kubonakala kuyiqiniso kulabo abagcina imihlambi encane noma izilwane ezifuywayo noma umthombo wamaqanda amasha, asekhulile ekhaya.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-University of California-Davis Department of Animal Science ngonyaka ka-2014 lwabonisa ukuthi, phakathi kwabathandekayo basekhaya, kusekhona ukusabalala okubanzi kokuqwashisa ngezinkinga zezempilo ezinkukhu.
Ngokusho kocwaningo, cishe amaphesenti angama-70 wabanikazi avumela izivakashi ukuba zifike emaphoyiseni abo kuyilapho amaphesenti angu-40 kuphela egqoke izimoto zokuzivikela lapho behlanza. Zombili lezi zenzo zibhekwa zingaphephile. Okunye okuphathelene nokuyiqiniso ukuthi abalimi abaningi babengazi lutho noma bangenalutho mayelana nokutheleleka kwezinkukhu ezivamile ezifana nesifo somkhuhlane wezinkukhu noma isifo sikaMarek (isifo esibulalayo, isifo esibangela isisu esibhekene nesifo sofuba emhlambini ongavunyelwe).
Phakathi kwemikhuba ehambisana ngqo neengozi ye-salmonellosis:
- Ukuhluleka ukuqoqa amaqanda okungenani nsuku zonke, ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esifudumele
- Akufaki amaqanda ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqoqwa
- Ungabuki izandla ngemuva kokuthinta inkukhu noma ukuhlanza i-coop
- Ukubamba noma ukugubha inkukhu njengezilwane ezifuywayo
- Ukuhluleka ukuhlukanisa izinkukhu ezibonakalayo ezigulayo
- Ukutshala izivande ngemifino esisha, engasetshenzisiwe, umkhuba ongangcolisa izitshalo
I-Salmonellosis ezinkukhu zicacile: bayoba buthakathaka, babe nesifo sohudo, futhi bathuthukise ikhamera elibomvu. Amahhala ayobe esinciphisa ukukhiqizwa kweqanda.
Ukugeza noma Ukungagcozi amaqanda ezinkukhu
Enye imbangela enkulu ye-Salmonella ukutheleleka ukugeza okungalungile kwamaqanda ezinkukhu. Abalimi abaningi abanolwazi bayeluleka ngokuhlanza njengoba lokhu kungasusa i-gelatinous "bloom" eqinisa izikhumba futhi ivikele iqanda kusuka kubhaktheriya. Esikhundleni salokho, bavumela ukuxubana noma ukusula ukukhanya noma ukukhipha noma yikuphi ukugcoba okudlulele okulandelwa yisiqandisiso esiseduze noma ngaphansi kwama-degrees angu-40.
Amaqanda ngokuvamile ahlanzekile uma eqoqwe ngokushesha. Amaqanda angcolile ngokweqile kaningi labo abaye bahlala esihlahleni izinsuku eziningana, futhi lezi kufanele zilahlwe.
Uma uthatha isinqumo sokugeza amaqanda, kuzodingeka uqinisekise ukuthi amanzi okungenani ama-degrees angu-90. Ukushisa kwamanzi okufudumala okushisa kubangela ukuba okuqukethwe kweqanda kuvumbulule futhi kuqhube udoti kanye nokungcola emaphethweni egobolondo. Ukusebenzisa amanzi abandayo, ngokuphambene, kuvulwa ama-pores futhi ucela ukungcola kuwo. Amanzi kufanele ahlale egeleza amaqanda lapho uwageza. Ungalokothi uvumele amaqanda ukuba ahlale emanzini, afakwe ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngemuva kokugeza, yoma amaqanda kahle kanye nesiqandisisi.
Amathiphu okuvimbela i-Salmonellosis
Ngesikhathi i-salmonellosis ingenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, ingozi iphakama phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo lapho izinga lokufudumala lokushisa linika indawo efanelekayo yebhaktheriya. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unogada we-backyard noma ugcine izinkukhu njengabalingani bokulima, kunezinto eziningana ongazenza ukuze uzigcine uphephile ku-Salmonella.
Oyinhloko phakathi kwalawa idumela le-hatchery ovela kuzo izinyoni zakho. Ungalokothi uthenge izinkukhu eziphilayo noma izinkukhu kunoma yini enye ngaphandle kwe-hatchery eqinisekiswe yi-USDA Plan Improvement Plan (USDA NPIP). Gwema abalimi abangabhalisiwe, kufaka phakathi abalimi bezobuchwepheshe ezikhethekile kanye nabanye abalimi abasemuva.
Ukugwema ukuthola i-Salmonella ekusingatheni noma ekulawuleni umhlambi wakho:
- Hlanza i-coop yakho njalo, kufaka phakathi phansi, izidleke, nama-perches.
- Shintsha ukudla kanye namanzi njalo, ngokufanele nsuku zonke.
- Gqoka amagilavu nezicathulo ezivikelayo lapho uhlanza ama-coops.
- Geza njalo izandla zakho emva kokuthinta inkukhu noma ukuqoqa amaqanda.
- Geza izandla zakho ngaphandle kwe-kitchen kitchen.
- Izitsha zokudla ezihlanzekile nazo zonke ezinye izixhobo zokulima ngaphandle.
- Ungadli noma uphuze ezindaweni lapho izinyoni zihlala khona noma zihamba.
- Ungavumeli izinyoni endlini, ikakhulu lapho ukudla kulungiselelwe khona.
- Ungavumeli izingane noma izivakashi ukuba ziphathe izinkukhu njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
- Unganiki abantwana amaphuphu njengezipho.
- Ukuhlukanisa noma yikuphi izinyoni ezigulayo futhi ngokushesha uthintane nodokotela wakho wezilwane.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umhlambi wakho ugonywe ngokufanele ngokumelene nezifo zezinkukhu.
- Ukwelapha umquba wezinkukhu okungenani izinsuku ezingu-45 ngaphambi kokusebenzisa njenge-compost engadini. Phakathi nenqubo yokuphulukisa, gwema ukufaka umquba omusha emgqonyeni ophulukisiwe noma ophulukisayo.
Ukuvimbela ukuthola i-salmonellosis emaqanda amasha, asekhaya:
- Qoqa amaqanda kaningi, ngokufanele kanye ekuseni kanye kanye ntambama.
- Uma ugeza amaqanda, yenza kanjalo ngaphandle ngaphandle kwe-kitchen kitchen.
- Lahla noma yikuphi amaqanda aqhekekile noma angcolile.
- Ungagcini amaqanda ekamelweni lokushisa kwamahora angaphezu kwama-amabili.
- Pheka amaqanda ngokucophelela. Ungadli amaqanda aluhlaza.
> Imithombo:
> Basler, C .; Nguyen, T .; U-Anderson, u-T .; Hancock, T .; kanye noBarton Behrahvesh, C. "Ukuqubuka kwezifo ezibangelwa yi-Human Salmonella Infections Ezihlobene ne-Live Poultry, e-United States, ngo-1990-2014." Emerg Disfect Infect. 2016; 22 (10): 1705-1711.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). "Ukuqubuka kweziMithi ezithathelwanayo kwezifo ze-Human Salmonella ezixhunyaniswe nezinkukhu eziphilayo ezikhukhuleni zasemuva." I-Atlanta, Georgia; ikhishwe ngoJulayi 13, 2017.
> Elkhoraiba, C .; Blatchford. R .; Pitesky, M .; kanye Mench, J. "Izinkukhu zasemuva e-United States: Ucwaningo lwabanini bomhlambi." Abanikazi bezinkukhu. Ngo-Novemba 1, 2014; 93 (11): 2920-2931.
> UMnyango Wezolimo wase-US. "I-Serotypes I-Profile ye-Salmonella isolates kusuka ku-Meat and Poultry Products, ngoJanuwari 1998 kuya kuDisemba 2014." Washington, DC; ibuyekezwe ngo-Agasti 11, 2016.
> Whiley, H. no Ross, K. "I-Salmonella namaqanda: Kusukela ekukhiqizeni kuya ku-Plate." Int J Environ Res Ezempilo Zomphakathi. Mashi 2015; 12 (3): 2543-2556.