Kuphi ukugula okubangelwa ukudla okwenzekayo ngokusemthethweni ukugqashuka kokudla kokudla? Ama-US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) achaza ukuphazamiseka kokugula okubangelwa ukudla lapho kwenzeka lapho abantu ababili noma ngaphezulu bethola ukuthi banesifo esifanayo esivela kokudla noma isiphuzo esifanayo. Ekugcineni, akusho ukuthatha okuningi ukubizwa ngokuthi ukugula okubangelwa ukudla, kodwa ngeshwa, ngokuvamile kuthatha ukuxilongwa okungaphezu kokubili ukuthola nokuhlola ukugqashuka kanye nomthombo wayo.
Ukuphenya kweziqhumane eziningi zombuso nezizwe lonke
Ukuphazamiseka kokudla okubikwayo kuthiwa ngemuva kokuphenywa okufanelekile yi-CDC nezinye izinhlaka. Ngaphandle kwendawo, izwe, kanye nezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni, ulwazi luhlangene ukuze lunqume ukuthi kungani kwenzeka ukuqhuma, futhi kwakha izinyathelo zokulawula, futhi kuvimbele ukuqhuma okuzayo. I-US Food Administration and Drug Administration (FDA) kanye ne-Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) futhi ihlose ukucacisa izizinda zokugula, ukuhlola ukudla nokuphathwa kwezikhungo, ukuphenya kwamapulazi okuhola, nokumemezela ukudla okukukhumbulayo. Ngenkathi ukugula okubangelwa ukudla kuqhuma uphenyo kudinga isenzo esisheshayo egameni lomphakathi womphakathi, kunenqubo i-CDC elandela kuzo zonke iziphenyo zombuso eziningi.
Uhlelo lwe-CDC's 7-Step Investigation Program
I-CDC ichaza uhlelo lwesinyathelo esiyisikhombisa esisetshenziselwa ukutholakala nokulawulwa kweziqhumane, ukuvimbela ukutheleleka okuqhubekayo, nokuzimisela ukuthi ukuqhuma kwezimo ezizayo kungavinjelwa kanjani.
Ngama-ejensi amaningi asebenza ekugqaseni nganoma isiphi isikhathi, eziningi zalezi zinyathelo zokuphenya zivame ukwenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukuthola Isiqhumane Esingaba Khona
Esigabeni sokuqhubeka sokuthola, i-CDC kanye ne-ejensi yabalingani ziqinisekisa ukugcwaliswa okuvamile kwezinqubo ezithile, kubandakanya:
- Ukubhekwa kwezempilo emphakathini: Ukuqoqa imibiko yezifo njalo kuvumela i-CDC ukuthi inqume inani lezifo okufanele zilindele ngokusekelwe kwendawo nesikhathi.
- Ukuqapha amaCluster and Breakbreaks: Kubanzi kunamaqembu alindelekile abantu abanesifo esifanayo endaweni efanayo nesikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi amaqoqo. Uma izihloko ngaphakathi kweqoqo zibhekwa njengezihlobene nokugula okufanayo, iqembu lezifo libizwa ngokuthi ukugqashuka.
- Ukubona iCluster noma Ukuqhekeka, Ukubikwa Okuhlelekile Nokungakahleleki: Ukubika okungavumelekile kuhlanganisa amalungu omphakathi axwayisa umnyango wezempilo wendawo ukuba abike iqembu lezinsolo ezibhekwa zokudla. Nakuba ukubika okusemthethweni kudinga ukuthi odokotela nabaqeqeshi bezempilo babike lapho izifo ezithile zitholwa.
Isinyathelo Sokubili: Ukuchaza Nokuthola Amacala
Ngokuvamile, izigameko zokuqala zokuphazamiseka ezibikiwe kuphela zilandisa ingxenye encane yezinombolo zokugqashuka. Ngokudala incazelo yenkomba, i-CDC ikwazi ukunquma ukuthi yikuphi abantu abafakiwe njengengxenye yokugqashuka.
Incazelo yenhlawulo ingafaka imininingwane elandelayo:
- I-pathogen noma i-toxin, uma iyaziwa
- Izimpawu ezithile zifanekisela leyo pathogen noma i-toxin
- Ibanga lesikhathi lapho izifo zenzeka khona
- Ububanzi bezwe, njengokuhlala endaweni noma esifundeni
- Ezinye izindlela, njenge-DNA zeminwe
Uma izincazelo zamacala amaningi zikhona ekuphenyweni, abaphenyi manje banekhono lokuthola izifo eziningi ezihlobene nokugqashuka okuthile.
Isinyathelo Sesithathu: Ukwakha I-Hypothesis Yemithombo Engenzeka
Ukuqhuba i-Hypothesis-Ukudala Izingxoxo kanye nokuhlanganisa izingxenye zamacala kuvumela uphenyo ukuba bakhe ukucabanga mayelana nomthombo obangela ukuqhuma.
Isinyathelo Sesine: Ukuhlola i-Hypothesis
Uma i-hypothesis izimisele, kufanele ihlolwe. Ukuhlola i-hypothesis ukucacisa umthombo wokugqashuka ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: izifundo zokuhlaziywa kwe-epidemiological nokuhlolwa kokudla.
Ucwaningo lwe-Epidemiologic ehlaziya: Kuzocwaningo ze-epidemiological , kucatshaniswa kwenziwa phakathi kwamaqembu ukucacisa indima yezimo ezihlukahlukene zokubeka ingozi ekubangela inkinga kufaka phakathi, kodwa ingagcini:
- Izikhathi zokungcola kwento ethile yokudla
- Amandla okuhlanganisa izibalo
- Ubuhlobo be-Dose-response
- Ukukhiqizwa kokudla, ukulungiselela, kanye nenkonzo
- Ukusatshalaliswa kokudla
Ukuhlolwa kokudla: Ukuhlolwa kokudla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kudinga ukuthola izifo ezifuywayo zokudla ezineminwe efanayo ye-DNA yomkhiqizo wokudla ongagqugquzeli futhi kusuka kumasampuli esitokisini. Ukuhlolwa okunjalo kungandisa kakhulu ikhono lokuthola umthombo wesifo.
Ngenkathi abacwaningi bethola lolu datha lokuhlolwa kokudla luwusizo, kuqondwa ukuthi kungase kube nomphumela ongajabulisayo noma wokudideka ngezizathu eziningana:
- Izinto zokudla nge-shelf iDemo impilo ngokuvamile ayitholakali ngesikhathi sokuqhamuka kwaziwa, ngakho abakwazi ukuhlolwa.
- Ngisho noma empeleni ukusolakala ukuthi ukudla kuyatholakala, i-pathogen ingaba nzima ukuyibona. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-pathogen ingase iyancipha ngenombolo kusukela ukuqubuka noma ezinye izinto eziphilayo kungase kube ngaphezulu kwe-pathogen njengoba ukudla kuqale ukuphazamisa.
- I-pathogen kungenzeka ukuthi isengxenye eyodwa kuphela yokudla. Isampula esithathwe engxenyeni engazange ingcoliswe izoba nomphumela wokuhlola omubi. Ngakho, umphumela omubi awukhipha lokhu kokudla njengomthombo wokugula noma imbangela yokugqashuka.
- Ukudla kwe-Leftover noma ukudla ezitsheni ezivulekile kungenzeka ukuthi kungcolile ngemuva kokugqashuka noma kokuxhumana nokudla okubangele ukuqhuma.
- Amanye ama-pathogeni awakwazi ukutholakala ekudleni ngoba akukho ukuhlolwa okuqinisekisiwe okungabona i-pathogen ekudleni okusolisayo.
Isinyathelo sesihlanu: Ukuthola iphuzu lokungcola kanye nomthombo wokudla
I-Point of Contamination itholakala ngokuhlola ukuhlolwa kwemvelo ukucacisa ukuthi ukudla kwakungcolile kanjani. Abaphenyi bavame ukugxila kulokhu okulandelayo:
- Ukuxoxisana nalabo abathintekayo banquma ukuthi ukudla kwavelaphi, ukuthi kusetshenziselwa kanjani futhi kulungiselelwe, futhi yikuphi ukushisa okwakungenziwa umkhiqizo wokudla phakathi nale nqubo.
- Ukuhlola imikhuba yezempilo kanye nezindlela zokuqeqesha zabasebenzi kanye nesimo sekhishi (okusho, ukuhlanzeka).
- Isimo sezempilo sabasebenzi ngesikhathi sokudla sasinqunywe ukungcola.
- Phinda ubuyekeze imibiko yokuhlola eyedlule
- Yenza uphenyo "lwe-Traceback"
Isinyathelo Sesithupha: Ukulawula Isiqhumane
Uma ukudla kuhloswe ukuthi kungumthombo wokugqashuka, izinyathelo zokulawula zikhishwa ngokufanele futhi zingabandakanya:
- Izinyathelo ezicacile zokuhlanza nokukhipha imishanguzo zonke izikhungo ezithintana nokudla okufana nokudla nokucubungula izitshalo
- Ukuvala izindawo zokudla, izindawo zokudlela, njll.
- Khumbula izinto zokudla
- Ukukwazisa umphakathi ngale nkinga, izinyathelo zokuvimbela, izimpawu zokugula, njll.
Isinyathelo Sabayisikhombisa: Ukunquma Ukuqhekeka Kuphelile
Uma isibalo sezifo ezintsha sehlehlela emuva evamile, ukugqashuka kubhekwa ukuthi sekuphelile. Izikhulu zezeMpilo ziyaqhubeka nokuqapha lesi simo ngisho nangemva kokuba sekuqhamuka ukugqashuka phezu kokuqinisekisa ukuthi izigameko zokugula azihlali futhi umthombo wokudla ongcwelisiwe ususwe ngokuphelele kusukela ekunikezeni ukudla.