Ingabe Uyazi Ngempela Okusemkhabheni Wakho WeKhabhinethi? I-FDA Ingabe
Okokuqala kwaba ukuqhuma kwe-Salmonella ka-2008 kuya ku-9 e-United States ebangelwa ipulazi elimhlophe eliphangayo. Khona-ke kwaba ukuqhuma okulandelayo kuka-2010 okubangelwa imikhiqizo equkethe pepper omnyama nebomvu. Esikhathini lapho izifo eziningi zokudla zingahle zibhekiswe emkhiqizweni omusha, lezi ziqhumane ezimbili zamuva kanye nezikhathi eziphuthumayo ze-Salmonella zaqaphela ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kokuqapha izinongo ezingase zibe yingozi.
I-United States Yokudla Nezidakamizwa Ezokuphatha (FDA) yenze isifundo kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-9 (imiphumela evela ekugcineni eyashicilelwa encwadini kaJuni 2013 sika- Food Microbiology ) ngokuhlola ukuthunyelwa kwamafutha angama-20,000 amazwe angaphandle. Lokho i-FDA eyitholile yayisabeka kakhulu. Cishe 7% wezinongo ezifakiwe zivivinyelwe i-salmonella, kabili isilinganiso sawo wonke ukudla okungenisiwe.
I-FDA ikholelwa ukuthi lezi zenzakalo kanye nedatha ecwaningweyo bayibuza ngokungathí sina isimiso esikuyo ukukhomba nokuvimbela ukuqubuka okuhlobene nokudla okwenziwe nge-spice. Ngenxa yalokho, Isikhungo se-FDA sokuPhepha kokuPhepha nokuSebenza okuNgcilisayo (CFSAN) senze iphrofayela ye-Draft Risk Profile yama-Pathogens neFilith ezinsizeni.
Yini Etholakala Ezinhloboneni Zethu?
Iphrofayili ye-FDA ibike izigaba ezimbili zokungcola ezitholakala ezinongeni: i-microbial kanye nokungcola.
- Imikhiqizo etholakalayo ngezinongo ngesikhathi esifundwayo yayihlanganisa i-Salmonella, i-Bacillus cereus, i-Clostridium perfringens, i-Shigella ne-Staphylococcus.
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhlanganise nezinambuzane eziphilayo futhi ezifile (izingxenye ezinambuzane), indle ezivela ezinambuzaneni nasezilwaneni, izinwele ezivela ezilwaneni nabantu, nezinye izinto ezingahleliwe ezifana namatshe, amahlumela, ama-plastiki, ama-fibrous synthetic, nezintambo zezinyoni.
Kungani Ukubona Okungcolile Kubalulekile Kangako?
Ngaphandle kwemvelo ejwayelekile yokuphazamiseka kokutholakala kwe-FDA, ukuhlonza izidakamizwa ezitholakala ezinongeni kuyindaba yempilweni yomphakathi.
Ukungakwazi ukuqapha nokulawula izinongo kuye kwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngo-1973 kuya ku-2010. Ukuphazamiseka kwezifo eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye kudlalwa emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yeziphuzo ezingcolisiwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kuthiwa abantu abangu-1 946 babulala, 128 baboshwa esibhedlela, kwathi abantu ababili bafa.
I-United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) ibika ukuthi cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.2 baseMelika banesifo Salmonella unyaka ngamunye kanti abangaba ngu-400 kulabo bantu bafa ngenxa yokutheleleka. Ngokukhomba ukungcola, kokubili okuyi-microbial kanye nokungcola, okutholakala ezinuneni ezingenisiwe, ama-ejensi alawulayo angcono kakhulu ukuvikela abantu ekuguleni kokudla okuzayo.
Izinketho ezithintekayo zokunciphisa ikusasa nokulawula
I-FDA ikholelwa ukuthi ukuguqula amasu amanje okwamanje asekuqaleni ukulwa nezinongo ezingcolile kungahle iphumelele futhi kusukela manje inikeze izindlela ezengeziwe zokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo, kufaka phakathi:
Ukukhiqizwa okuyinhloko:
- Buyekeza imboni yokukhiqiza kanye nemibhalo yokuqondisa kahulumeni ukuze ubonise ulwazi lwamanje kanye nemikhuba futhi uthuthukise usizo lwale mibhalo ngokudala amapulatifomu okuxhumana aguquguqukayo.
- Thuthukisa imfundo yokuqeqeshwa kwabakhiqizi bepulazi abakhulu.
Ukusakaza nokugcina:
- I-FDA ukusebenza nohulumeni bamazwe akhiqiza iziphuzo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha kokudla ngokuthuthukisa nokwenza izinhlelo ezifana ne-Indian EIC certificate certificate.
- Qinisekisa amandla omiso wokulawula emazweni omthombo wesipuni.
- Thuthukisa imikhuba yokugcina yezinongo.
- I-FDA ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana kwe-Import Alert.
Ukucubungula okuyisisekelo nokuSekondari
- I-FDA, imboni, kanye nezifundiswa zezemfundo ukusebenza ndawonye ukuthuthukisa imithethonqubo futhi kungase kuhlinzeke isiqondiso embonini yesipuni ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zokuphepha zokudla ezifaka ukulawula ukuvimbela.
- Thuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kwemfundo yamaprosesa asepulasinari asemqoka naphakathi.
- I-FDA ukuthuthukisa isiqondiso embonini ngezinqubo eziphakanyisiwe zokuqinisekiswa kwezinqubo zokwelashwa kwe-spice ukunciphisa ukunciphisa.
- Ukwandisa (noma ukugunyazwa) ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokunciphisa i-pathogen yokunciphisa ukunciphisa i-Salmonella kuzo zonke izinongo ezihloselwe ukusetshenziswa kwabantu e-United States ngesikhathi esifanele ngaphambi noma emva kokupakisha.
- I-FDA ne-spice imboni zandisa ukuhlolwa kwamagumbi okugcoba angaphandle nakwasekhaya, ukucubungula izipayisi kanye nezinsiza zokwelapha ukunciphisa izinambuzane ezibandakanya ukuhlolwa kwesimo semvelo nokuhlola ukulandelwa kwezinqubo ezikhona manje zokukhiqiza.
Umthengisi / Umsebenzisi Wokuphela:
- I-FDA ukusebenza no-CDC nohulumeni base-state ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokusiza ukuqoqwa kokusetshenziswa kwamagciwane kanye nokwaziswa kokuthenga kusuka kwamanye amacala kanye nezindawo zokudlela ezincane ngesikhathi sokuphenya.
- Ukwandisa imizamo futhi uthuthukise amasu okukhomba imbangela eyisisekelo yesithako sokungcola kufaka phakathi ukuthi ukukhula kokudla noma imvelo kunomthelela ekugqaseni.
- Ososayensi wezezempilo zomphakathi abathintekayo ekuphenyweni kokuqhamuka ukuze babhale izifo ezifuywayo ezibalweni zokudla kanye nezithako kulayini lokudla okuye kwabonakala ukuthi kunezinkinga ezifana nobunzima bokuqhamuka.
- Thuthukisa amasu amasha wokuthola izifo ezihlobene eziphathelene nezinongo noma ezinye zokudla okuphansi-umswakama / isikhathi eside.
- I-FDA, imboni yesipuni, nohulumeni bangaphandle basebenze ndawonye ukuze bahlakulele isiqondiso, kanye nemithethonqubo engase ibe khona, ukuthuthukisa ukulandelela lapho kuqhuma izifo.
- Bika ukukhumbula okuvela ekungcoleni okusekelwe ekukhonzeni ubukhulu bomkhiqizo okwakhulunywa ngokungeziwe emalini okukhunjulwayo.
Izindlela Ezijwayelekile:
- Ukwandisa ukubhekwa kwezifo eziphilayo ngaphandle kwe-Salmonella ngezinongo kanye nasezikhungweni zabantu zokugula kokudla.
- Fundisa futhi uqeqeshane nabalingani abalawulayo, futhi ufinyelele emazweni kanye nezinhlangano zokuhweba zokudla ukuxhumana nezinhlekelele ezivamile zesisindo kanye nokulawulwa kwezivikelo ezikhona.
- Thuthukisa ukuqonda nokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo samasampula afanelekayo kanye nezinqubo zokuhlaziywa zezinambuzane (kanye nezemvelo) zokuhlola izifo.
- I-FDA ukuxhumana nomboni wesipelingi ngokugcwele uma ukubonwa kubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokuvimbela okwamanje zamagciwane kanye nokungcola ngezinongo kungase kungabi ngokwanele.
- I-FDA ukuxhumana namazwe akhiqiza iziphuzo lapho ukubonwa kubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokuvimbela okwamanje zamagciwane kanye nokungcola ngezinongo kungase kungabi ngokwanele.
- Ukwedlula amakhodi womkhiqizo we-FDA ukuze uvumele ukuhlonza kangcono imikhiqizo nokulandelela okunembile nokuhamba kwemikhiqizo yi-FDA.
Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi mayelana nokutholakala kwe-FDA, iphrofayela ye - Draft Risk ye-Pathogens ne-Filth ku-Izinsizi ingabonwa ngokuphelele lapha .
Imithombo
UDoren, uJane M. Van, uDaria Kleinmeier, uThomas S. Hammack no-Ann Westerman. "Ukuvama, ukuhlukahluka kwe-Serotype, nokuphikiswa kwe-Salmonella kwe-Salmonella ekuthengisweni kwe-spice okufakiwe okunikezelwe ukufaka kwi-United States, F200200-FY2009." Ukudla Microbiology 34.2 (2013): 239-51
"Iphrofayli Yobungozi Ehlelwe Ngayo: Ama-Pathogens ne-Filth ezinsizeni." UMnyango WezeMpilo waseMelika kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu. 2013.